Social Realist Turns in Singapore Filmmaking (1950s–1980s)—Day Two

Beyond the field of painting, Chua’s call would have resonated with filmmakers who were active in Singapore during that period. In the mid-1950s, filmmakers working for local film studios began producing Malay-language melodrama films that reflected social reality and touched on issues such as poverty, unemployment, juvenile delinquency, racial pluralism and class differences. This marked a modest turn away from the fiction films that were produced prior, which tended to be escapist and spectacular in nature. Many of the director-scriptwriters of these socially-conscious films came from India and had a background in making social drama films, a genre which emerged in Calcutta and Bombay in the late 1930s. Two adherents of the melodramatic social-realist style were Phani Majumdar and K. M. Basker, who were employed under the Shaw Brothers-owned Malay Film Productions Ltd (MFP). Working alongside them as assistant directors and dialogue writers were former journalists and activists from the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia, who maintained close links to the vibrant Malay literary and intellectual circles in Singapore. As a form of mass media that was growing increasingly popular, film was also used as a platform by activists such as Jamil Sulong and S. Roomai Noor to express contemporary socio-political issues, often focusing on the role of the Malay language and local cultures in decolonisation and the struggle for independence in Malaya and Singapore.

This turn towards a moderate form of social-realist filmmaking in Singapore-based studios MFP and Cathay-Keris continued into the 1960s, undertaken by local directors and scriptwriters such as Hussain Haniff and Omar Rojik. Many of their films straddled the boundary between fiction and documentary. They chose to shoot on location to capture real living environments, and tackled topics such as gangsterism, feudal elitism and the tensions between tradition and modernity. Many films portrayed stories of the working class—a common subject matter also found in Chua’s paintings.

By 1973, after MFP and Cathay-Keris had closed, the Chong Gay Organisation—distributors and exhibitors of “left-wing” films from Hong Kong that espoused mild socialist agendas—sought to revive feature film production in Singapore by producing social-realist drama films reflecting local interests and themes. This was partly in response to what they deemed as overtly commercial films showing in cinemas at the time which featured a corrupt, subversive and degenerate culture. Most notable among the three Mandarin films produced by Chong Gay was Two Sides of the Bridge (1976). It contained underlying themes and values that seemed like projections of Chua’s realist works and writings from the 1950s, a phase when he was active in the Arts Research Group and Equator Art Society.

By the mid-1960s, a number of independent filmmakers who were working outside of the studio system and the state propaganda film-television units also took up film production, shooting on 8mm or 16mm film. Some of them created short-form documentaries, often with an individual artistic vision or intent to relay certain social messages. The films by auteurs such as Rajendra Gour and Cheong Kok Seng combined documentary realism and diaristic, self-reflexive filmmaking, while also adopting experimental filmic approaches. Additionally, members of local “amateur” filmmaking clubs, such as the Singapore Cine Club (renamed the Singapore Cine and Video Club in the 1980s) also created their own works, including documentaries which were underpinned by social advocacy and journalistic reporting. Artist-filmmakers from overseas also worked in Singapore, often on a transient basis. These itinerant filmmakers took in local scenes and subjects with a curiosity and mode of address which were unlike local filmmakers or artists like Chua. A noteworthy example was Dutch artist and experimental filmmaker Edward Luyken, who made several films in 1980. One of Luyken’s films was a non-expository but structured film which focused on a cemetery in Singapore and its workers. Works like Luyken’s were experimental constructs of images which provide a rich point of comparison to Chua’s paintings of manual labourers and their environments.

This programme, Social Realist Turns in Singapore Filmmaking (1950s–1980s), conceived by Toh Hun Ping aims to present a broad and non-exhaustive survey of social realist and documentary filmmaking in Singapore from the 1950s to the 1980s. It will highlight, discuss and compare films from this period against the artworks and writings of Chua Mia Tee—which share similar, if not overlapping socio-cultural contexts—as featured in the exhibition Chua Mia Tee: Directing the Real.

Artworks by Chua Mia Tee that are referred to include Malay Fisherman at Changi Beach (1977), Epic Poem of Malaya (1955), and National Language Class (1959).

 

 

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Toh Hun Ping (b. 1978, Singapore) is an artist-filmmaker and independent researcher. His artworks and experimental films have been presented in exhibitions and film festivals internationally. As a film researcher, he investigates the history and cultural contexts of film production and distribution in 20th century Singapore. He has served as researcher-writer, programmer and video editor for projects organised by Asian Film Archive (State of Motion) and National Museum of Singapore (The Foundation of Run Run Shaw’s Cinema Empire). He was principal researcher for the book Xin Ke: The Story of Singapore and Malaya’s First Feature Film, authored by Yvonne Ng and Jan Uhde, Kucinta Books, 2019. He also started the Singapore Film Locations Archive, a private video collection of films made in and about Singapore, and runs a website about filming locations in Singapore of the past (sgfilmlocations.com).

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